Filesystem stuck on Read-Only

A lot of I/O and read errors, I think the medium is damaged.
I recommend to run a filesystem check from another system, just plug the drive into another machine (do not mount it) and run fsck. Since the fs is ext4 you can use [e2fsck](https://linux.die.net/man/8/e2fsck).

e2fsck -p -f /dev/sda