@philip
I missed that you already tried to downgrade the kernel without success. Did you also try to downgrade the U-Boot package and flash it?
apt install linux-u-boot-rock64-current=21.08.2
. /usr/lib/u-boot/platform_install.sh
write_uboot_platform "$DIR" "$(lsblk -npo PKNAME "$G_ROOTFS_DEV")"
It’s strange since downgrading the kernel alone solved it in all other cases 
.
Can you also try to add ,0x13fe:0x1d00:u to the usbstoragequirks line in /boot/armbianEnv.txt and reboot to disable UAS for this drive?