Can you check the output of this on the Armbian image:
lsblk
findmnt -Ufnro SOURCE -T /boot
If you are actually booting from SD card or eMMC just with the rootfs on SATA, then it might be the same/similar issue than here: NanoPi R5S - Boot from NVMe - #19 by MichaIng
Do you have any SD card attached? And does the Armbian image still boot when you remove any SD card and USB device so that really the SATA drive is the only attached storage device?
Please note that our image is booting perfectly fine form NVMe, USB and SD card with the currently used single ext4 partition. So both, the MMC bootloader as well as the SPI bootloader do support this perfectly fine. No point in suspecting partitioning any further. SATA vs NVMe is the only difference, and the fact that you used armbian-install to move probably only the rootfs to SATA while keep using the MMC bootloader.
EDIT: Lol, checking the content of the current Armbian U-Boot package, there is actually a dedicated SPI bootloader binary for SATA:
dd if=/usr/lib/linux-u-boot-legacy-orangepi5/rkspi_loader_sata.img of=/dev/mtdblock0 conv=notrunc,fdatasync
And then following from step 3 here, to download and flash the DietPi image to SATA + enable the SATA overlay: Orange Pi 5 | Boot from SATA M.2 SSD - #5 by MichaIng